Developmental physiology />
The umbilical cord develops from and contains the remains of the yolk sac and allantois (and therefore derived from the same zygote as the fetus). It is formed by the fifth week of fetal development, replacing the yolk sac as a source of nutrients to the fetus. The cable is not connected directly to the mother’s circulatory system, but joined the placenta, which transfers of materials and the mother’s blood without allowing direct mixing. The umbilical cord of a newborn baby to term is usually about 50 centimeters (20 inches) long and about 2 centimeters (0.75 inches) in diameter. This diameter decreases rapidly in the placenta.
The umbilical cord is composed of Wharton jelly, a gelatinous substance composed primarily of mucopolysaccharides. It contains a vein that carries oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood to the fetus and two arteries that carry deoxygenated blood depletion of nutrients away. Sometimes, only two vessels (one vein and artery) are present in the umbilical cord. This is sometimes associated with abnormalities in the fetus, but can also occur without this entails.
It is unusual for a vein to carry oxygenated blood and arteries carry deoxygenated blood (the other is only examples of the pulmonary veins and arteries connecting the lungs to the heart). However, this naming convention reflects the fact that the umbilical vein carries blood to the heart of the fetus while the umbilical arteries carry
sang.Connexion the fetal circulatory system
The umbilical cord between the fetus through the abdomen to the point where (after separation) will become the navel (or belly button). In the fetus, the umbilical vein is the porta hepatis, where it divides into two. One of these branches are attached to the hepatic portal vein (the connection with the left arm), which carries blood to the liver. The second branch (known as venous channel) allows most of the blood entering (80%) to prevent liver and driving on the left hepatic vein into the inferior vena cava, which carries blood to the heart. The umbilical arteries branch two of the internal iliac artery, and pass on both sides of the bladder before joining the umbilical cord.
Occlusion physiological />
In the child, the umbilical vein and ductus venosus to close, and degenerate into fibrous remains called the round ligament of liver and venous ligament, respectively. A portion of each umbilical artery closes (degenerate into what is called the median umbilical ligament), while the remaining sections remain in the circulatory system. Problems and anomalies

rope tied to a newborn />

single artery umbilical cord prolapse node

umbilical cord entanglement umbilical cord Vasa previa

cable velamentous insertion />


The umbilical cord stump of an infant of seven days of life of hospital />
There are clips that combine the child’s umbilical cord clamp with a knife. These clips are safer and faster to ask first cord clamp and cut the umbilical cord. After the cord is clamped and cut, the newborn has a plastic clip on the navel to the area of compression of the spinal cord has dried and properly sealed. The remaining umbilical stub to 710 days after it dries and then fall. />
The health impact of the rope about the delay in the onset of the adjustment to attract attention in medical journals />
The negative effects of late clamping include an increased risk of polycythemia. However, this condition appears to be benign in the studies. The Cochrane review in 2008 found that babies whose cord clamping occurred within 60 seconds after birth have a significantly higher risk of neonatal jaundice requiring phototherapy. By contrast, a recent randomized controlled noted in the 2008 review of neonatal health and neonatal time on the umbilical cord and neonatal venous hematocrit reported an increase in anemia in infants whose strings are tightened immediately. />

Umbilical nonseverance Some parents choose to ignore completely the starter rope, a practice called “lotus birth” or umbilical nonseverance. All umbilical cord remains intact dry as a tendon, which then separates naturally (usually the third day after birth), to fall and leave a healed navel.
storage of umbilical cord blood lead article

umbilical cord blood was recently discovered that umbilical cord blood, known as cord blood is a rich and easily accessible source of primitive cells, undifferentiated stem (type-CD34-CD38 positive and negative). These cells from umbilical cord blood can be used for bone marrow transplant.
Some parents chose this blood diverted from the transfer of the child by early cord blood cord clamping and cutting, long-term freezing (and expensive) storage in a bank of umbilical cord blood child should never require that cord blood stem cells (for example, to replace bone marrow destroyed by treatment of leukemia). This practice is controversial, with critics arguing that the early cessation of umbilical cord blood at birth increases the risk of childhood illness due to the large volume of blood (an average of 108ml) compared the total supply of child (usually 300 ml). The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, said in 2006 that “there is still insufficient evidence to recommend directed commercial harvest umbilical cord blood stem cell storage in low-risk families.
The American Academy of Pediatrics says the bank of umbilical cord blood for self-employment should be discouraged (as most of the conditions that require the use of existing stem cells in umbilical cord blood), while the bank for general use should be encouraged. In the future, derived from cord blood “embryonic-like stem cells (ECS) can be identified and compared with other patients, including blood and tissue transplants. The use of EPC potentially eliminate the ethical difficulties associated with embryonic stem cells (ESC).
While the American Academy of Pediatrics discourages private banks, except for unmet medical needs, is also said that information about benefits and limitations of banking and transplantation of umbilical cord blood, is provided so that parents can make an informed decision.
education cord blood is also supported by elected officials at the federal and state levels. In 2005, the National Academy of Sciences has published an Institute of Medicine (IOM ) has recommended that expectant parents will give a balanced perspective on their options for the bank of umbilical cord blood. In answer to their constituents, legislators around the country have adopted legislation to inform physicians and prospective parents on potential donation, discarding or stem cell rescue newborn bank. Currently, 17 states, covering two thirds of the United States born have laws recommended by the IOM guidelines.
Research in this area that has the potential to revolutionize medicine is advancing rapidly and is difficult for medical societies and other resources for prospective parents to turn to for information, to keep pace.
Doctors and researchers are making significant progress to evaluate safety and efficacy of umbilical cord blood stem cells for therapeutic purposes and Beyond cancers and blood disorders. The use of cord blood stem cells in conditions such as brain damage and the treatment of type 1 diabetes is currently under study in humans, and previous research is ongoing loss for the treatment of stroke, and hearing.
Because the cord blood of their own (autologous) stem cells can be transplanted security without being rejected by the immune system of the body Children and interest, as they have unique characteristics compared with other sources of stem cells, which are increasing in this investigation. with cord blood stem cells are available for potential use is itself more
to benefit from these advances in the short term. The umbilical cord in other mammals Anatomy

The umbilical cord in some mammals contains two separate umbilical vein, rather than (as the case of humans). Some examples are the cows and sheep.

cable extraction in some animals, the mother of gnawing through the cord, thereby separating the placenta from the offspring. He (the placenta) is often consumed by the mother to feed and dispose of the tissues that would otherwise attract predators and scavengers. In chimpanzees, the mother will not focus its attention on the starter rope, rather than breastfeed your baby with a cord, placenta and all, until the cord dries and separates within a day of birth, when the cord is discarded. (This was the first time by zoologists to
Other uses of the term “umbilical cord”
The term “umbilical cord” or simply “umbilical” has also come to be used for other cables with similar functions as the connecting pipe from a surface supplied diver to air supply in the area and / or heating, astronaut space suitable for spacecraft. engineers sometimes use the term to describe a complex or critical cable connection of a component, especially when it is composed of bundles of wires with different colors, the thickness and type, ending with a single multi-touch off.
The term “cut the umbilical cord” is used metaphorically to describe a child with the parents of the house, or someone breaking a dependency another person.

more images diagram illustrating a later stage in the development of umbilical cord.
fetus of about eight weeks, enclosed in the amnion. expanded a little over two diameters
sectional plan of the gravid uterus in the third and fourth months.
fetus in utero, between fifth and sixth months.
placental circulation system.
human embryos for the heart and anterior body wall removed to show the sinus and its tributaries.
newborn baby, a few seconds after birth. The umbilical cord has not yet been cut.
newborn infant shortly after birth by caesarean section.
newborn and mother, postpartum umbilical Nonseverance.
children born with cable, shortly after giving birth at home.

See also ligneRéférences umbilical

^ ^ Twenty umbilical cord and frequently asked questions and answers about birth procedures and vaccines D. Young and Goldman GS / Medical Veritas 5 (2008). In turn, quoting Dr. Gunther The transfer of blood between baby and placenta in the minutes after birth. Lancet, 1957 June 22, 272 (6982): 1277 –
1280Questions ^ about the birth city of Lotus Viewed January 10, 2009 umbilical complications ^ />
24/01/2010.Hohmann ^ .. M. (1985). “Before or after cord clamping? A question of optimal time “(article in German). Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, 97 (11) :497-500. 4013344.Mercer ^
PMID JS, Vohr BR, McGrath MM, Padbury JF, M.. Wallach W. Oh (2006) “late clamping in very preterm infants reduces the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage and late-onset sepsis. a randomized controlled trial, “Pediatrics 117 (4) :1235-42. PMID 16585320. />
The ABC of neonatal and neonatal health: a multidimensional approach, p. 116-117 BC ^
Hutton EK, Hassan ES (March 2007). “End vs early clamping of the umbilical cord of newborn infants born at term. Systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials” JAMA 297 (11): 124,152. doi: 10.1001/jama.297.11.1241. PMID 17374818. />
^ Military and Delivery> baby Gynecology Brookside Associates Medical Education Division. Retrieved on January 10, 2009
^ Waterbirth International Waterbirth FAQ> Accessed January 10, 2009
^ S Crowther (2006). “Lotus birth:. Leaving the only cable” The practice of midwifery, 9 (6) :12-14 PMID 16830839
^ American Academy of Pediatrics “Banks for the transplantation of umbilical cord blood of potential … the future. ” http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics; 119/1/165
^ “ethics” of the cells in cord blood embryonic stem yields .. “Coghlin A. New Scientist, August 18, 2005. Retrieved on June 25, 2007.
^ Cord blood of neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, autologous cells from umbilical cord blood to study a hypoxic ischemic. Phase I study of the feasibility and safety
^ Haller MJ, et al (2008) “Autologous umbilical cord blood infusion for type 1 diabetes .. Exp Hematol 36 (6 ):…. 710 – …. PMID 18358588 715
Vendrame ^ M, et al (2006) “Cord blood rescues movement induced by changes in splenocyte phenotype and function .. Exp Neurol 199 (1): .. 191 -200. PMID 16713598.
Vendrame ^ M, et al (2005) .. “The anti-inflammatory effects of the cells of umbilical cord blood in a rat model of the race ..” Stem Cells revealing. 14 (5) 595-604 PMID 16305344 :….
Revoltella ^ RP, et al (2008) “repair cochlear cells transplantation human umbilical cord blood CD133 + in NOD-SCID deaf to kanamycin and noise . “. Cell Transplantation. 17 (6): 665-678. PMID 18819255.
Meat Hygiene and ^ JF Gracey, DS Collins, Robert J. Huey. See page 32. ^
View In the Shadow of Man by Jane Goodall.v

Developmental biology> Human embryogenesis (development of embryo) and fetal development
The three premierssemaine

Week 1
egg fertilization trigger zygote division Blastula Morula (blastomeres) from the inner cell mass of blastocysts
Week 2
(bilaminar) epiblast hypoblast

Week 3 (trilaminar)

germ layers archenteron / Primitive streak (Primitive pit, Primitive knot / blastopore primitive streak) Gastrula / Gastrulation regional peak

neuroectoderm specification ectoderm neural ectoderm Neurulation surface somatopleuric Endoderm

splanchnopleura Cord-paraxial mesoderm (somites / somitomeres / sclerotome / myotome / dermatome) Intermediate side plate (intraembryonic coelom, splanchnopleura / somatopleuric)
extraembryonic / uterus

trophoblast (cytotrophoblast, syncytiotrophoblast)
blastocele yolk sac / extraembryonic coelom cavity Heuser exocoelomic
yolk through the umbilical cord (Umbilical artery, Umbilical vein, Wharton’s jelly ) Allantois
placenta Decidua (Decidual cells) CVS / intervillous space gestational sac (Amon / amnion / amniotic cavity corion) Histogenesis

Programmed cell death (apoptosis) of germ stem cells to develop lignesOrganogenesis

Limb development: the limb bud apical ectodermal ridge / AER br other structures: Eye development of skin structure development of developing heart Development /> Category (Some dates are approximateee Carnegie stages and a timetable.): Cloning | Developmental biology | Embryology

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obstetrics branch of medicine that specializes in the care of women during pregnancy, childbirth and immediately after childbirth.

The term comes from the Latin prejudice, which means to move or opstare, ie to assist and obstetrix, which means the woman who maintains. Until the early 18th century, birth attendants are usually midwives, women who care for women during pregnancy and childbirth. During the 19th century, obstetrics has evolved as a medical specialty. Physicians who specialize in obstetrics are called obstetricians.

Obstetricians

are often also certified in gynecology, to meet a wide range of issues affecting the reproductive system. Obstetricians with special training in high-risk pregnancy are referred to specialists in maternal fetal medicine and perinatology that. Many family physicians provide obstetric and gynecologic surgery in some practices. In addition, midwifery is practiced in many parts of the United States and around the world. Women can choose midwives in areas where physicians are not available or are too expensive, or because they believe in a less medicalized birth.

maternity care begins ideally with advice from a woman who is either planning a pregnancy or at risk of unplanned pregnancy. preconception counseling may include assessment of lifestyle, including topics such as diet, exercise, alcohol or snuff, and how to deal with stress, the recommendation of vitamins, vaccine administration, and general advice on maintenance a healthy lifestyle. During pregnancy a woman can take eight to ten or more visits to your obstetrician, in which the tests are carried out, such as blood used in the preparation of blood transfusion and to determine if there is incompatibility between the mother and the baby’s blood and infectious diseases. specialized tests to monitor the health of the fetus can be recommended, including ultrasound to visualize the fetus, and genetic testing to determine the risk of genetic diseases such as Down syndrome.

A midwife assists the woman during childbirth and are trained to treat any complications that could endanger the mother and fetus. Complications can include premature rupture of membranes, which breaks the bag of water but the work does not begin spontaneously, the lack of progress, in which the work began, but the woman’s neck, the small body that connects the uterus and vagina, can not expand or dilate properly or breech presentation, in which the fetus is oriented feet first into the birth canal instead of a head. Obstetricians perform cesarean sections, in which the fetus is removed through an abdominal incision, and also operated the birth canal damage that may occur during delivery. the immediate attention of the mother for several weeks after birth is generally considered part of obstetric practice. Once the baby is born, it is responsible may be assumed by a pediatrician (seePediatrics), a specialist in child care.

Obstetricians complete four years of medical school followed by four or more years of training in primary care and training in obstetrics and gynecology. After completing an approved training course and a period of practice, obstetricians may take an examination for board certification, a recognition nationally recognized expertise in the field. In addition, physicians specializing in the planning of gynecological cancer, infertility, or can perform reconstructive surgery two to three years of additional training to receive certification by the board as a sub-specialty in particular.

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